Effects of the dietary protein to energy ratio on growth,feed utilization and body composition in Macrobrachium nipponense

Oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) has been widely cultured in Asian countries. However, its nutritional studies are very limited. In the present 8‐week study, we investigated the effects of dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) on the growth, feed utilization and body composition in juvenile M. nipponense (initial weight 0.302 ±0.03 g). Two‐factor experiment was designed and nine semi‐purified diets were formulated to contain three lipid levels (20, 80 and 140 g kg^?1) and three protein levels (330, 380 and 430 g kg^?1), producing P/E ratios from 16.5 to 23.4 mg KJ^?1 protein. The results indicated that the growth, survival rate and protein efficiency were dose dependently improved by the increased dietary lipid, but not dietary protein content. Increased dietary lipid content and/or protein content increased lipid accumulation in whole body, hepatopancreas and muscle, but did not change the feed intake and hepatopancreas weight. In conclusion, our present study indicated that M. nipponense is a species with relatively high‐energy requirement. It could utilize dietary lipid content up to 140 g kg^?1, while the dietary protein with more than 330 g kg^?1 would not promote growth and protein efficiency. Taken together, 330 g kg^?1 dietary protein and 140 g kg^?1 dietary lipid level with P/E ratio 16.49 could be optimum for M. nipponense.     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

悬挂式山药收获机振动挖掘碎土装置设计与试验

针对山药机械化收获整体占比低、作业效率低、收获损伤率高以及人工辅助作业劳动强度大等问题,基于经验设计方法,设计了全液压悬挂式单行山药收获机。研究了山药挖掘收获中关键部件——格栅式振动挖掘铲的结构,综合运用Solid Works的Motion与Simulation插件,对振动碎土装置进行了动力学仿真分析与计算,对该部件的静力学和动力学特征进行了分析。结合山药收获的农艺要求,研究了振动挖掘部分的频率、往复摆动振幅及其相关机械结构参数,确定了最优结构参数,并对其进行了强度分析、计算和校核,最后进行了田间收获试验。试验结果表明,振动挖掘碎土装置的作业效率较高,可实现土壤与山药黏连部分的快速、高效分离,机械收获完好率达到89. 2%,基本满足农户高效收获与低损率的要求。     

基于鲁棒反馈线性化的联合收获机割台高度控制策略

谷物联合收获机割台高度控制非常重要，有效的割台高度控制有助于提高喂入量的稳定性、降低整机各环节的负荷波动。本文提出一种基于鲁棒反馈线性化的割台高度控制策略，该方法可以使割台跟随地面起伏进行俯仰控制调节。首先，基于割台结构和动力学分析建立系统数学模型，选取正弦角度的近似约简条件，将多变量的复杂非线性系统线性转换为典型的非线性系统；通过分析传统的反馈线性化控制研究可控仿射的模型构建方法，在集成鲁棒优化设计控制器基础上，提出鲁棒反馈线性化（Robust feedback linearization，RFL），通过构建灵敏度方程、选取增益来稳定系统；选取液压控制机构，根据控制液压输出的电流参数设计为基于鲁棒反馈线性化控制系统的控制器。将传统的PID控制和本文提出的鲁棒反馈线性化控制进行对比实验，结果表明，在不同行驶速度、地形正弦振幅和地形周期条件下，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差均小于传统的PID控制；以3种不同行驶速度在同一起伏地面上行进，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差受行驶速度增加的影响小于传统的PID控制。     

基于柔性夹持的青菜头收获机设计与试验

为解决西南丘陵山地青菜头机械化收获问题，结合青菜头生物特性和农艺要求，设计了一种具有柔性夹持功能的小型青菜头收获机。阐述了整机结构与工作原理，并对样机关键部件进行了结构设计和理论分析，柔性夹持装置初始间隙为60mm，最大允许通过青菜头直径为150mm，分析得到夹持输送带速度为0.37m/s、所需最大夹持力为38.04N；对割台架的仿地形能力和结构动力特性进行了分析，可得该结构允许地形起伏度为50mm，在安装割刀位置振幅最大，前5阶固有频率为115.63~783.60Hz，远大于发动机和地形产生的激励频率，因此不会发生共振现象。田间试验结果表明，切割及夹持输送机构运行平稳、振动小、切割有力、夹持力度适中；切割成功率为89.5%，青菜头损伤率为10.8%，实际工作效率为0.035hm2/h，各项性能指标基本满足设计和农艺技术要求。     

春季低温对小麦颖果发育的影响

为了探明春季低温（倒春寒）导致小麦减产的细胞学机理，以扬麦15为材料，在小麦幼穗处于雌雄蕊分化期至药隔期之间时，设置-3 ℃低温处理，通过树脂半薄切片对颖果不同发育时期的形态结构进行观察。结果表明：（1）在颖果发育早期，低温促进了颖果的长度生长，抑制了宽度生长；与对照相比，低温处理组小麦颖果发育进程缩短；（2）低温处理组颖果果皮发育早，中果皮降解速度快；（3）低温处理增加了胚乳淀粉体的积累量，降低了蛋白体的积累量，发育后期胚乳充实度显著低于对照组；（4）与对照相比，低温处理后颖果韧皮部面积和珠心突起传递细胞面积增大。以上结果表明，春季低温处理更有利于养分运输组织的发育，使得灌浆时间缩短，最终导致淀粉积累量增加及颖果早熟。     

福瑞鲤选育家系不同养殖阶段的生长差异分析

为了进一步观察最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)家系选育方法在福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)继代选育中的潜力,该研究测量了继续选育第2代家系群体不同养殖阶段的体质量和形态性状。结果表明,生长快速家系群福瑞鲤早期(4月龄)生长速度较慢,到后期则生长加快,其体质量增长表现出明显的优势。在体型方面,随着养殖时间的延长,福瑞鲤各选育家系群的体厚/体长增加,体高/体长降低,逐渐呈现其体型修长的特征;同时2个越冬期的成活率均达到了94%以上。结果表明通过BLUP家系选育对福瑞鲤长期选育是可行的。在此基础上,通过主成分分析发现,福瑞鲤生长性状第一主成分是体质量;对不同生长时期的体质量进行相关性分析,发现9月龄、14月龄、21月龄鱼的体质量与24月龄的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01),分别为0.851、0.897和0.957。因此,在福瑞鲤继续选育过程中,进行早期个体选择值得尝试。     

Long-Term and Immediate Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Chronic Lameness in the Horse: A Pilot Study

The effects of whole body vibration (WBV) in horses with chronic lameness were evaluated in an experimental, single subject, repeated measure design. To assess the long-term effect of WBV, eight horses not previously exposed to WBV were subject to WBV, 30 minutes twice daily, five days a week, for 60 days in addition to their regular exercise routine. Lameness was assessed subjectively and objectively 30 days before the start, at the start and 30 and 60 days after the start of the treatment (WBV). The immediate effect of WBV was assessed in four horses accustomed to WBV, by comparing lameness before and within 30 minutes of a single 30-minute WBV session at four different time intervals. Change in lameness was sought using paired t tests on the kinematic data. A P-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Intraindividual change was sought using a subjective and objective scoring system. No statistically significant change in lameness was seen after 30 or 60 days of WBV, respectively, in the chronically lame horses not previously exposed to WBV. However, a trend toward improvement was observed after the first 30 days of WBV, but this improvement appeared to be lost during the second 30 days of WBV. Although a statistically significant worsening of front limb lameness was seen immediately after a single 30-minute WBV session in the chronically lame horses accustomed to WBV, this result was largely attributed to a very significant worsening of the front limb lameness in one horse within that group.     

Comparative study on dietary protein requirements for juvenile and pre‐adult gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III)

Two 8‐week growth trials were conducted in indoor recirculation system to evaluate the protein requirements for juvenile (3.70 ± 0.20 g) and pre‐adult (85.2 ± 0.70 g) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets were formulated for each trial using fish meal and casein as protein sources, and protein level was 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 200–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2. With the increasing dietary protein, feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Weight gain (WG) increased first and then reached a plateau in 330–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P > 0.05), while decreased after the maximum value in 350 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Productive protein values (PPVs) were lower in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 400–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary protein level increased protein content and decreased lipid content in whole fish body and white muscle (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matters (ADC_d) decreased, while apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADC_p) increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 and 250–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 2 (P < 0.05). Trypsin activity significantly increased in 370–450 g kg^?1 in Trial 1 (P < 0.05) and was not affected in Trial 2 (P > 0.05). Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in both trials increased when dietary protein was above 400 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Based on quadratic regression of WG, it was estimated that dietary protein requirement for maximum growth was 414 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 376 g kg^?1) and 365 g kg^?1 (digestible protein of 324 g kg^?1) for juvenile (3.70 g) and pre‐adult gibel carp (85.2 g).